In the opening verse of the haftara for Parashat Vayeshev, the prophet Amos excoriates the Northern Kingdom of Israel for the corruption of the kingdom's upper class and its shameless disregard for the underprivileged. In the context of his condemnation Amos decries the phenomenon of "sho'afim al afar eretz be-rosh dalim," which literally means, "those who trample upon the dust of the earth, upon the head of the destitute" (2:7). To what exactly does the prophet refer in this verse?
