Emotions at the Akeida

The Torah in Parashat Vayera tells of the famous test of akeidat Yitzchak, God’s command to Avraham to sacrifice his son, Yitzchak, a command He retracted at the very last moment, as Avraham prepared to perform the slaughter.  Among the interesting features of this narrative is that it provides no clear description of Avraham’s emotional disposition throughout this ordeal.  Other than a brief exchange between the father and his son, the Torah gives no details about the nature of the trip, what Avraham or Yitzchak said, thought or felt during the three-day journey to Moriah or in the moments just prior to the would-be sacrifice.

            The mystery surrounding Avraham and Yitzchak’s thoughts and feelings captured the imaginations of poets throughout the ages, who composed numerous hymns with a variety of different depictions of the two patriarchs.  Among the more famous and powerful of these prayers is “Eit Sha’arei Ratzon Le-hipatei’ach,” authored by the 12th-century Moroccan poet (who later moved to Aleppo), Rabbi Yehuda ben Shemuel Abbas.  This hymn is recited by Sephardic communities on Rosh Hashanah, just prior to the first series of shofar blasts.  In the middle of the poem, after telling how Avraham erected the altar, the author offers a powerful a description of the patriarch’s emotional state at this point: “Ayin be-mar bokha ve-leiv samei’ach” – “The eye cries bitterly, yet the heart rejoices.”

            Rav Yuval Cherlow observes how these five poetic words capture the complexity of the moment, and the fierce battle of emotions that raged within Avraham’s heart during the ordeal of the akeida.  On the one hand, Avraham cried bitterly, in an outburst of pain, prayer, desperation, grief, and torment.  Simultaneously, however, he rejoiced; he felt content, gratified and fortunate to obey the divine command, to stand in the faithful service of God prepared to do anything that is asked of him.  As Rav Cherlow notes, there are sources that depict Avraham as marching joyously to the akeida, happy to sacrifice that which is dearest to him in the service of the Almighty, whereas other sources describe the sheer torment and anguish he experienced throughout this ordeal. Rav Cherlow suggests that both depictions are correct, precisely because avodat Hashem is, very often, simultaneously rewarding and harsh.  Obedience to God requires us to make very difficult sacrifices, but also offers the reward of gratification, the joy of living for a higher purpose.  Akeidat Yitzchak, of course, is an especially extreme instance of sacrifice, but Avraham simultaneous, conflicting emotional responses provide a model for our avodat Hashem, as well.  Being a servant of God is oftentimes difficult and demanding, but also rewarding and gratifying.  We must never shy away from the hardships entailed in serving our Creator, but neither may we despair from trying to experience the unparalleled joy and gratification of fulfilling our duties as avdei Hashem.

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Avraham and Sodom: Inferior Prophetic Status?

            We read in Parashat Vayera the story of the destruction of Sedom, prior to which God informed Avraham of His decision to annihilate the corrupt city.  But before conveying the news to Avraham, God first explains the reason why He found it necessary to give the patriarch advanced notice of this decision: 

The Lord said: Will I conceal from Avraham that which I am going to do?  After all, Avraham will assuredly become a great, powerful nation, through which all families on earth will be blessed.  For I know of him that he will instruct his children and household to follow him, to observe the way of the Lord, to perform charity and justice, such that the Lord will bring upon Avraham all that He spoke of him.

(18:19)

Syntactically and structurally, this verse is difficult to interpret, but even before addressing the particular words and phrases, a more general question arises: why must God give an explanation in the first place?  Nowhere else do we find God deliberating whether or not He should relay information to a prophet.  Prophecies are given throughout Tanach, and it is assumed by the reader that God had His reasons, which we may or may not understand, for delivering them.  Why specifically with regard to Avraham does God give an explanation for why He is informing him of future events?

            The Chatam Sofer raises and discusses this question in a remarkable passage which he wrote as an introduction to theYoreh Dei’a section of his responsa.  He boldly asserts that Avraham did not reach the prophetic level of later prophets such as Yeshayahu and Yirmiyahu.  Avraham, as the Midrashim describe, was actively involved in teaching, preaching and working with people on far lower intellectual and spiritual levels than his.  His dedicated efforts to help people learn and grow had the effect of hampering his own progress, and limiting his personal achievements in understanding and connecting with God.  God therefore explained that He must relay the information to Avraham despite his “mediocre” prophetic status (as compared with other prophets), because “he will instruct his children and household…to observe the way of the Lord.”  Avraham’s personal achievements fell short of his potential only because of the time and effort he invested in working with people on lower levels, and he should therefore not be “penalized” on this account by being denied information that would be conveyed to other prophets.

            The Chatam Sofer proceeds to admonish scholars to avail themselves to the masses and not hesitate to take time out from their own studies to teach and help others.  Noting the example of Avraham, the Chatam Sofer insists that God would never “penalize” a scholar for sacrificing time on behalf of other people, and will instead ensure his ability to achieve greatness despite these sacrifices. We are not only responsible for ourselves; our obligation is to learn, study and grow, but also to share what we have gained with others and concern ourselves with the wellbeing of all people.

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The Akeida and News of Nachor's Children

  Toward the end of Parashat Vayera we read the famous story of akeidat Yitzchak, where Avraham was tested by God with the command to sacrifice his beloved son, Yitzchak.  The story ends with God instructing Avraham to withdraw his knife just as he prepared to commit the act of slaughter, and then promising great rewards for his descendants.  Immediately following this episode, the Torah briefly tells of Avraham’s receiving word of the birth of his brother’s children and grandchildren.  Nachor’s (Avraham’s brother) wife, Milka, gave birth to eight sons, and Re’uma, his brother’s concubine, had another four.

            The standard explanation for why this is mentioned, as discussed by Rashi, Seforno, Rav Hirsch and others, is that it sets the stage for the story told later, in Parashat Chayei-Sara, of Yitzchak’s marriage to Rivka.  One of Nachor’s twelve children was Betuel, the father of Rivka, who would be chosen as a wife for Yitzchak, and it thus appears that the verses serve as an introduction of sorts to the narrative of the search of a wife for Yitzchak.  Rashi, citing the Midrash, adds that in the wake of Akeidat Yitzchak Avraham recognized the urgent need to find Yitzchak a wife.

            This explanation, however, fails to account for the list of Nachor’s twelve children, as it would have seemingly sufficed to mention only Rivka.  Furthermore, if this brief section introduced the story of the search of a wife for Yitzchak, then it should have appeared immediately preceding that account, rather than separated by the story of Sara’s death and burial (which, according to Rashi, occurred immediately following akeidat Yitzchak).

            Others have suggested that the news of the birth of Nachor’s children should be seen as part of the test of akeidat Yitzchak.  After waiting decades for a child from Sara, Avraham was finally blessed with a single son, which caused tensions with his maidservant’s son, and then he was nearly forced to offer Yitzchak as a sacrifice.  Immediately thereafter, he hears of the rapid growth and success of the family of his brother, Nachor, whom he had left behind Mesopotamia when he was called by God to settle in Canaan.  Avraham’s challenge entailed not only the difficult test of the akeida per se, but also its aftermath, when he learned of the ease with which his brother’s family has grown and prospered.  While Nachor was begetting twelve children and a granddaughter, Avraham managed to father two children, one of whom was banished and the other nearly slaughtered.  Avraham heeded God’s call to relocate in Canaan where he would produce a great nation, but then heard of how his brother’s family in Mesopotamia rapidly reproduced while his family endured one setback after another.  And thus the news of Nachor’s family’s growth constituted an integral part of the test of akeidat Yitzchak.

            It often happens that the proper decision is one which leads to difficulty and hardship.  David frequently describes in Tehillim his angst upon seeing his vicious foes succeed and prosper while he suffered and lived in fear.  Faith requires rising to life’s challenges without questioning why others live without those same challenges.  The success and blessings enjoyed by others should not diminish from our resolve to live in accordance with God’s will despite the challenges that this entails.

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God Standing Alongside Judges

 Parashat Vayera begins by briefly relating that God appeared to Avraham “as he sat at the entrance to the tent at the heat of the day.”  Rashi, citing the Midrash (Bereishit Rabba 48:7), notes the significance of the fact that God’s appearance occurred as Avraham “sat.”  Rashi writes: “He wanted to stand, but the Almighty said to him, ‘Sit, and I will stand.  You will serve as a model for your descendants, as in the future I will stand in the company of the judges while they sit.’”  The Midrash views this scene – of Avraham sitting as God stood above him – as symbolic of the arrangement in the Beit Din, where the judges sit as they hear the case, while the Almighty stands in their presence.  The notion of God “standing” alongside judges as they do their work, as the Midrash proceeds to note, is inferred from the verse in Tehillim (82:1), “Elokim nitzav ba-adat Kel."

            The question arises, on what basis did Chazal draw an association between God’s appearance to Avraham and Beit Din? The Torah does not tell us what Avraham was doing as he sat by the entrance to his tent, but it stands to reason that he was not trying legal cases or involved in any activity related to legal proceedings.  Why, then, did Chazal view this scene as establishing a model for the situation of a Beit Din?

            The concept that God “stands” in the presence of judges perhaps refers to God’s formally commissioning human judges to do His work.  God is, of course, the only true Judge of the world, but He delegates this authority and responsibility to dayanim and entrusts them with this weighty task.  He “stands” in the company of judges in the sense that they act as His representatives in this endeavor, charged with the responsibility of judging fairly and truthfully.  The Midrash perhaps seeks to extend this concept to all areas of our lives.  Even as we go about our normal routine, our ordinary, day-to-day affairs, we are to be cognizant of the fact that “Elokim nitzav ba-adat Kel,” that we are acting as God’s “representatives.”  Chazal famously describe how Avraham, as he recovered from his berit mila, sat by the entrance to his tent hoping to find travelers in need of hospitality.  Avraham committed himself to turning every circumstance into an opportunity to do God’s work – in this instance, caring for weary travelers.  He thus sets a model of “Elokim nitzav ba-adat Kel” in the broad sense of the term, how in all situations of life, we are to see ourselves as God’s emissaries, working to advance His goals for the world and to fulfill His wishes.

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Lot and the Angels: Misplaced Piety

  We read in Parashat Vayera of how the townspeople of Sedom surrounded Lot’s home and demanded that he surrender to them the two mysterious visitors whom he had welcomed and hosted.  Lot, astonishingly, attempts to protect his guests by offering the townspeople his two daughters in their place: “Look here – I have two daughters who had never been intimate with a man; I will bring them out to you so you can do with them whatever you like, but do not do anything to these men, once they have entered the shade of my walls” (19:8).

 

            The Midrash (Tanchuma, Vayera 12) comments:

 

Ordinarily, a person surrenders himself to be killed for the sake of his daughters and wife, and either kills or is killed, but this person [Lot] surrendered his daughters to be defiled.  The Almighty said to him: By your life, you are keeping them for yourself, and in the end, schoolchildren will mockingly read, “Lot’s two daughters became pregnant from their father.”

 

Chazal here draw an association between Lot’s unseemly proposal to the people of Sedom, and the incident told later where Lot impregnated those same two daughters.  Lot offered his daughters to the men of Sedom, when in reality he ended up “keeping them for himself,” earning the scorn and jeers of the children who read of Lot engaging in relations with his two daughters.

 

            The Midrash here perhaps views Lot’s conduct as a classic example of misplaced piety.  Lot likely felt he was doing something noble and heroic by surrendering his daughters for defilement for the sake of protecting his two guests.  Often, people resort to unreasonable, extreme measures for the sake of an inherently worthwhile cause, which brings gives them a gratifying feeling of altruism.  Chazal thus observe how in the end, Lot became associated with drunkenness and incest.  He saw himself as a righteous hero, but in reality he was immoral.

            If so, then the Midrash alerts us to the need for balance and proportionality as we aspire to live a life of morality and avodat Hashem.  Extreme piety in one area poses the risk of illegitimate compromises in others.  Lot’s disproportionate zeal to care for his guests led him to surrender his daughters, and in the end he is known not for his generosity and compassion, but for the immoral acts he committed in a drunken stupor.  His example should warn us of how measures of extreme piety do not always reflect genuine piety, as they may reflect instead a lack of balance and proportion, and an attempt to ease the pangs of conscience for failings in some areas by resorting to extreme measures in another.

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Avraham: Welcoming Guests - Greater than Greeting the Shekhina

  Parashat Vayera begins with the story of the three mysterious guests – whom the Torah later identifies as angels – who are hosted by Avraham.  We read that upon seeing the three men, Avraham immediately ran over to them and said, “Please do not pass by your servant” (18:3).  The Gemara in Masekhet Shavuot (35b) cites one view that interprets this statement as directed towards God, and not towards the three travelers.  God had appeared to Avraham before he saw the three men, and thus Avraham turned to God, as it were, and asked him to wait for him while he goes to invite and welcome the three visitors.  On this basis, the Gemara establishes the famous concept, “Welcoming guests is greater than greeting the presence of the Shekhina.”  If Avraham left the Shekhina’s presence to care for three guests, it must be that this mitzva of hakhnasat orchim (welcoming guests) is of greater value than spending time with the Shekhina.

            The story of the three guests follows on the heels of the story of Avraham’s circumcision, with which the previous parasha, Parashat Lekh-Lekha, concludes.  Avraham had just entered into an eternal covenant with God, a special close relationship which is symbolized by the permanent mark of the berit mila.  God’s appearance to Avraham at the beginning of Parashat Vayera marks the first prophetic vision which Avraham beheld after forging this special relationship.  When seen from this perspective, the model of hospitality set by Avraham becomes especially significant.  Despite the covenant made with God, Avraham leaves God’s company, so-to-speak, in order to greet and care for three men whom he initially thought were ordinary nomads, and even idolaters (Rashi, 18:4). 

 Avraham did not perceive his berit with God as mandating that he isolate himself and spend his time alone with the Almighty.  Rather, his devotion to God went hand-in-hand with his devotion to other people; it meant becoming the Almighty’s partner in caring for and tending to the needs of His creations.  This is the full import of the adage, “Welcoming guests is greater than greeting the presence of the Shekhina.”  Even as we strive to nurture and cultivate our relationship to God, we must not remain secluded and withdrawn, and must rather follow His example of showing kindness and compassion to all people.

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עליות ומורדות

 

החטיבה הראשונה בספר הושע מקיפה את פרקים א'-ג', ועוסקת בנישואי הנביא ובמשמעותם הסמלית באשר ליחסי ה' וישראל. פרקים אלה מערבים נבואות פורענות ותוכחה חריפה בד בבד עם דברי נחמה וחזון גאולה. החטיבה בנויה משש פסקאות, המסודרות במבנה כיאסטי. (לצפייה במבנה החטיבה ותוכנה).

א. במרכז הפסקה השלישית (ב',ד-טו) ניצבת נבואת פורענות קשה, הנקשרת לדמותה של 'אשת הזנונים' המופיעה בפסקה הראשונה. הנביא קורא לבנים להתייצב נגד אימם הבוגדנית במשפט ('ריב') הגירושין. ברקע הנבואה ניצב פולחן הבעל בממלכת ישראל שהחל בימי אחאב ואיזבל, ובמסגרתו עבד העם את הבעל, אל הסערה הכנעני, מתוך אמונה שפולחן זה יביא פריון וברכה בארץ. עמדו על הטענה העיקרית שנטענת ב'משפט' כלפי העם. בחנו מה הביטוי העיקרי של זנותו של העם, וכיצד מהווה עונשו (יא-יד) מידה כנגד מידה על חטאיו. תנו דעתכם לשורשים לקח/נתן הקושרים את החטא לעונשו.

ב. פסקה רביעית: 'לָכֵן הִנֵּה אָנכִֹי מְפַתֶּיהָ וְהלַֹכְתִּיהָ הַמִּדְבָּר וְדִבַּרְתִּי עַל לִבָּהּ' - בפסוק טז מתחיל תהליך התיקון וההתקרבות המחודשת של ישראל וה', ששיאו בחידוש ברית האירוסין.

1. חשבו מדוע תהליך התיקון מתחיל במדבר. היעזרו בתיאור ימי המדבר בנבואת ירמיהו (ב',א-ב) ותנו דעתכם גם לאפיונו של המדבר כמקום צחיח ושומם, המנוגד לפריון ולשפע המיוחסים לבעל. שימו לב לשינוי החל בתפקיד המדבר בנבואה (פס' ה ופס' טז).

2. 'וְהָיָה בַיּוֹם-הַהוּא נְאֻם ה' תִּקְרְאִי אִישִׁי וְלֹא-תִקְרְאִי-לִי עוֹד בַּעְלִי' (יח) עיינו גם בפס' יט וחשבו מה פסול נמצא בכינוי בעלי, ומדוע ישתנה לעתיד לבוא הכינוי בעלי לאישי.

ג. פסקה שישית: החטיבה מסיימת בציווי נוסף להושע - לקחת אשה מנאפת (ג’,א-ה). במה שונה ציווי זה מהציווי בפסקה הראשונה? התייחסו למוקד הקשר בין הושע לאשתו בשתי הפסקאות, לחזרת הפועל ‘אהב’ כאן, ולתהליך התיקון במשל ובנמשל. היעזרו בדברי הרד”ק: ‘ועתה הוסיף במשל זה באהבת האל יתברך את ישראל מקדם כאדם האוהב את האשה החביבה עליו שהיא אהבה גדולה... ועם כל זה פנו אל אלהים אחרים...פרקו מעליהם עול תורה ואהבו תענוגי העולם ותאותם שתיית היין... ואמרתי לה אחר שנאפת תחתי יהיה ענשך שתשבי באלמנות חיות ימים רבים... שתהיי קרואה בשמי ולא באיש אחר ולא תזני עם אנשים וגם לא תהיי אשה לאיש מיוחד אחר זולתי, וגם אני לא אבוא אליך.’


למעבר לדף הלימוד המלא מתוך התכנית "מתן על הפרק"

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Playing with Predestination

 

“Our character…is an omen of our destiny, and the more integrity we have and keep, the simpler and nobler that destiny is likely to be.” -George Santayana (1863 – 1952)

The people of ancient Sodom were reportedly a highly unsavory crew. God, despite Abraham’s pleas, decides to literally wipe the city off the map. One man and his family however, are destined to be saved. Lot, nephew of Abraham, is the only half-decent man in the entire metropolis. His wife and two unmarried daughters are absconded out of the city by an angelic task force.

However, according to the Ohr Hachayim (Genesis 19:1) Lot was not necessarily deserving of the destined salvation. He claims that the first purpose of the angels’ visit to Sodom was to create a merit, a reason, a justification for Lot to be rescued from the impending doom. Lot does achieve that merit, by graciously hosting the visiting angels. By offering his hospitality in an inhospitable city, by showing kindness where cruelty surrounded him, Lot earned deliverance. If Lot had not lived up to this Abrahamic heritage, he would not have survived Sodom. However, God first had to give Lot the opportunity, the chance to perform this good, even heroic deed in order to save himself.

Lot grabbed the chance God gave him with both hands and thereby merited salvation and the destiny in store for him. He had no way of knowing, of course, that his hospitality was a direct cause of the predestined rescue.

Destiny does await us and opportunities to achieve it surround us. May we realize the chances God gives us to do good, in order to reap the rewards.

 

courtesy of ben-tzion.com

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Morality Play

 

“Let us with caution indulge the supposition that morality can be maintained without religion. Reason and experience both forbid us to expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious principle.” -George Washington

Abraham arrives at Grar, land of the Philistines with his beautiful wife, Sarah. In order to protect himself from lustful, violent men ready to kill a husband so as to claim the wife, Abraham and Sarah assume the guise of siblings. Avimelech, King of Grar, claims Sarah for himself. God intervenes, warns Avimelech in a dream, Sarah is returned to Avraham and all continue with their interesting lives.

Avimelech however confronts Abraham and asks him why they lied about their identity. Abraham responds that he didn’t see “fear of God” amongst the Philistines. (Recap of beginning of Genesis Chapter 20).

The Netziv on Genesis 20:11 states something surprising. He claims that the Philistines were actually a civilized, moral people and would not under normal circumstances capture a married woman or resort to murder that they may claim her. However, Abraham sensed that their morality was relativistic and not absolute. That it came from social convention and not from belief nor subjecting oneself to divine command.

Because of this “natural” morality, Abraham knew that the Philistines would have a much harder time resisting temptation. He knew that they would rationalize the permissibility of killing Abraham in order to get Sarah. That’s what he was afraid of: a “morality” without God’s directive. Man-made morality has been and always will be suspect.

May we live up to and attach ourselves to the ethics that we’ve inherited from the days of Abraham.

 

courtesy of ben-tzion.com

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Sacred Guests

 

"A guest never forgets the host who had treated him kindly." -Homer

In some ancient cultures, guests held a sacred and honored role. Once a person entered the tent or home of a host, they were under the host’s protection and cared for in every way.

We see this quite dramatically with Abraham’s wayward nephew, Lot. Lot, apparently attracted to the avarice of the Sodomites, settles his family next to the infamous city. However, he learned at least one thing from Abraham: Hospitality.

When the two disguised angels arrive in Sodom, Lot rushes to greet them and basically forces them to come as guests to his house.

The Baal Haturim on Genesis 18:5 explains that Lot was actually pained when he did not have guests and that the opportunity to host someone gave him great joy.

We see afterwards that Lot takes his hosting responsibility to such an extreme that he is willing to allow his own daughters to be harmed by a mob rather than permit anyone to touch his guests.

I don’t know if we need go to such lengths to make our guests feel comfortable, but there is something special in the bond that is created when people break bread together.

May we have occasion to enjoy both hosting and being hosted by members of our communities.

courtesy of ben-tzion.com

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