The Ten Plagues
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How to Save Israel
Rabbi Ezra BickWhy is Moshe so reluctant to speak to the Jewish people while they were enslaved in Egypt, and begin the process of the exodus? Moshe understands that his task entails more than merely informing the Jewish people that they are about to leave Egypt, but rather he must free the Jewish people from the psychological state of enslavement and dependency that they have sunk to. By closely examining the text as a whole, we can understand how every part of the exodus is meant to encourage that inner process of spiritual liberation within the Jewish nation.
Representing God or Representing Israel
Rabbi Ezra BickThe ten plagues are divided into two parshiot - the first seven in parshat Va'era and the last three in parshat Bo. Is this merely a division of convenience, or is there an important distinction between these two groups of plagues? By closely examining the text surrounding each of the final three plagues, one can gain an understanding of the shift in Moshe's mission. God wants Moshe's personal involvement, and he switches Moshe's role from the representative of the Jewish people, speaking in God's name, to the representative of God Himself.
Two Groups of Plagues: The Difference Between Va'era and Bo
Rabbi Mosheh LichtensteinThe division of the plagues between Parshat Va'era and Parshat Bo is very significant, representing the different goals of each set of plagues. In Parshat Va'era, the struggle between Moshe and Pharaoh relates to the recognition of God, and it is toward this objective that the plagues are directed. In Parshat Bo, on the other hand, the goal of the plagues is to take Israel out of Egypt. By examining these two goals alongside the haftarot of the two parshiot, we can understand these distinctions in a much deeper way, and appreciate the destiny of Israel as a nation that it will not be utterly destroyed, but rather that it will survive as God's people.
The Number of Plagues in Egypt
Rabbi Dr. Tamir GranotThere is a Tannaitic dispute in the Pesach Haggada regarding the number of plagues that were inflicted on the Egyptians. Is this merely an informative question, or is it a fundamental question regarding the number of plagues and its significance? Where does the "ten" come from regarding the ten plagues? How does the book of Psalms count and describe the plagues? Why are the plagues divided into groups of three? Is there a natural connection between the second and third plagues?
Moshe: National Leader and Divine Representative
Rabbi Yair KahnThe story of the beginning of Moshe's leadership in the beginning of sefer Shemot seems to be interrupted by the list of the family lineage of Moshe and Aharon, which seems entirely out of place. However, a close examination of the verses in question will reveal a sharp difference regarding the role of Moshe Rabbeinu, as described at the beginning and the end of the chapter, and Moshe's lineage is critical specifically for the role described at the end. By noticing these differences we can gain a new understanding about Moshe's leadership and his unique role as the representative of God.
God's Staff
Rabbi Dr. Tamir GranotWhat does Moshe's staff symbolize? What is its role in every instance it is mentioned? What is the internal division of the plagues that God brought upon Egypt, and what is the role of the staff in each of these sections? What is the role of the staff during the splitting of the sea? By examining the role of the staff in these instances, one can learn that it expresses the recognition that Moshe's leadership and his actions are all driven by God.
Who is Targeted by the Theological Display of the Plagues in Egypt?
Dr. Brachi ElitzurMoshe must lead the nation in a process of building faith in God, and the means that was chosen in order to fulfill this theological mission is Pharaoh. Pharaoh's starting point, his stubbornness, and his refusal to view the wonders that are occurring before his very eyes as proof of the existence of a God who rules over creation, are what make him a perfect model for the building of the nation's faith, layer by layer. Pharaoh's gradual acknowledgment of God leads to a parallel process of the building of faith amongst his spectators - Am Yisrael.
The Three Signs and the Ten Plagues
Rabbi Meir SpiegelmanDuring the plagues of blood and boils there is a collaboration between Moshe and Aharon, and there is some repetition in the command and fulfillment. It seems like these two plagues are two of the signs that God gave to Moshe - the blood and the leprosy. Indeed, these two plagues introduce new groupings of plagues, allowing for the possibility that there were twelve plagues rather than ten.
The Confrontation of Moshe and Pharaoh
Rabbi Ezra BickStarting with this plague of locust, we find a noticeable stress on the comings and goings of Moshe, beyond merely as a necessary detail to explain where he is. It seems as though the coming before Pharaoh, and the leaving his presence, is an independent focus of the story, without reference to what happens or is spoken during the encounter.
The nature of the parasha break of Bo is clear - starting with this plague of locust, God is telling Moshe that the confrontation with Pharaoh is to be a personal one - he is to go to face Pharaoh directly and engage in a test of wills with him. The verbal content of Moshe's speeches is now secondary in importance to the actual personal appearance that he must make. Moshe is to overcome Pharaoh on the personal level. Why is this necessary?
God sends Moshe to battle Pharaoh so that Moshe should experience first-hand the clash of titans, the battle of God's word against the vainglory of human power, of emperors and tyrants. This is qualitatively different than merely observing the battle from the side-lines, as the Egyptians and the Jews were doing. God wants Moshe's personal involvement, and he switches Moshe's role from the representative of the Jewish people, speaking in God's name, to the representative of God Himself.
This is the moment when Moshe becomes more than a leader. This is when he begins to become "ish ha-elokim," who will bring the Torah down from the mountain.
Ramban on Vaera: The Hardening of Pharoah's Heart
Rabbi Ezra Bick | 27 minutesIn Parashat Vaera, God informs Moshe that it is not going to be an easy process before Pharaoh lets Bnei Yisrael out. But then God adds “And I will harden his heart.” Why? Is God taking away Pharaoh’s free will? One opinion is that God is closing the doors to teshuva as a punishment for the evil Pharaoh did to Bnei Yisrael. Ramban explains that God is hardening Pharaoh’s heart to allow him to withstand the plagues – which serve as important political and theological signs from God. God is not taking away his free will. On the contrary, acting properly out of fear or pain is not enough. God hardens Pharaoh’s heart to allow Pharaoh to make his own choices – perhaps paving the way for him to truly repent if he so desires.
Did God Really Need Ten Plagues?
Rabbi David Fohrman |Ten colorful and unique plagues...is that really so necessary? In this week's video, Rabbi Fohrman explores the 7th plague, the transitional plague, and argues that God played off of Pharaoh's ego to show the Pharaoh, the people of Egypt and the people of Israel, that only God is all-powerful.
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וְשָׁמְע֖וּ לְקֹלֶ֑ךָ וּבָאתָ֡ אַתָּה֩ וְזִקְנֵ֨י יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל אֶל־מֶ֣לֶךְ מִצְרַ֗יִם וַאֲמַרְתֶּ֤ם אֵלָיו֙ יְהוָ֞ה אֱלֹהֵ֤י הָֽעִבְרִיִּים֙ נִקְרָ֣ה עָלֵ֔ינוּ וְעַתָּ֗ה נֵֽלֲכָה־נָּ֞א דֶּ֣רֶךְ שְׁלֹ֤שֶׁת יָמִים֙ בַּמִּדְבָּ֔ר וְנִזְבְּחָ֖ה לַֽיהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵֽינוּ׃
Exodus 3, verse 18
וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה בֹּ֖א אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֑ה וְדִבַּרְתָּ֣ אֵלָ֗יו כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י הָֽעִבְרִ֔ים שַׁלַּ֥ח אֶת־עַמִּ֖י וְיַֽעַבְדֻֽנִי׃
Exodus 9, verse 1
וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה הַשְׁכֵּ֣ם בַּבֹּ֔קֶר וְהִתְיַצֵּ֖ב לִפְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֑ה וְאָמַרְתָּ֣ אֵלָ֗יו כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י הָֽעִבְרִ֔ים שַׁלַּ֥ח אֶת־עַמִּ֖י וְיַֽעַבְדֻֽנִי׃
Exodus 9, verse 13
וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה בֹּ֖א אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֑ה כִּֽי־אֲנִ֞י הִכְבַּ֤דְתִּי אֶת־לִבּוֹ֙ וְאֶת־לֵ֣ב עֲבָדָ֔יו לְמַ֗עַן שִׁתִ֛י אֹתֹתַ֥י אֵ֖לֶּה בְּקִרְבּֽוֹ׃
Exodus 10, verse 1
וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה כָּבֵ֖ד לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֑ה מֵאֵ֖ן לְשַׁלַּ֥ח הָעָֽם׃
Exodus 7, verse 14
וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה בֹּ֖א אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֑ה וְאָמַרְתָּ֣ אֵלָ֗יו כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה שַׁלַּ֥ח אֶת־עַמִּ֖י וְיַֽעַבְדֻֽנִי׃
Exodus 7, verse 26
וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָה֮ אֶל־מֹשֶׁה֒ אֱמֹר֙ אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹ֔ן נְטֵ֣ה אֶֽת־מַטְּךָ֔ וְהַ֖ךְ אֶת־עֲפַ֣ר הָאָ֑רֶץ וְהָיָ֥ה לְכִנִּ֖ם בְּכָל־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃
Exodus 8, verse 12
וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֗ה הַשְׁכֵּ֤ם בַּבֹּ֙קֶר֙ וְהִתְיַצֵּב֙ לִפְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה הִנֵּ֖ה יוֹצֵ֣א הַמָּ֑יְמָה וְאָמַרְתָּ֣ אֵלָ֗יו כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה שַׁלַּ֥ח עַמִּ֖י וְיַֽעַבְדֻֽנִי׃
Exodus 8, verse 16
לֹא־זָכְר֥וּ אֶת־יָד֑וֹ י֝֗וֹם אֲֽשֶׁר־פָּדָ֥ם מִנִּי־צָֽר׃
Psalms 78, verse 42
שָׁ֭לַח מֹשֶׁ֣ה עַבְדּ֑וֹ אַ֝הֲרֹ֗ן אֲשֶׁ֣ר בָּֽחַר־בּֽוֹ׃
Psalms 105, verse 26